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                    <h1 class="description center-align post-title">STM32CubeMX | 37-使用RS485总线进行双板通信（SP3485）</h1>
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                <p>本篇详细的记录了如何使用STM32CubeMX配置 STM32F407ZGT6 使用 RS485 总线与另一个开发板之间通信。</p>
<span id="more"></span>

<h1 id="0-RS485总线协议简述"><a href="#0-RS485总线协议简述" class="headerlink" title="0. RS485总线协议简述"></a>0. RS485总线协议简述</h1><h2 id="RS485总线的特点及应用场合"><a href="#RS485总线的特点及应用场合" class="headerlink" title="RS485总线的特点及应用场合"></a>RS485总线的特点及应用场合</h2><p>RS-485 通讯协议由 RS-232 协议改进而来，将物理层改为了差分信号进行传输，所以具备抗干扰能力强、传输距离远的特点，广泛应用于噪声干扰较大的工业控制环境中。</p>
<h2 id="RS485总线的物理层"><a href="#RS485总线的物理层" class="headerlink" title="RS485总线的物理层"></a>RS485总线的物理层</h2><p>RS485总线网络拓扑结构如图：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129093244401.png"></p>
<p>其中RS485收发器的作用是<strong>将普通TTL电平信号转换为差分信号</strong>，即总线每个时刻表达的逻辑由485-A和485-B的电平共同决定，属于半双工通信，判断逻辑为：当 AB 两线间的电压差为 <code>-6V~-2V</code> 时表示逻辑 1，当电压差为<code>+2V~+6V</code> 表示逻辑0。</p>
<h2 id="RS485总线的协议层"><a href="#RS485总线的协议层" class="headerlink" title="RS485总线的协议层"></a>RS485总线的协议层</h2><p>在协议层，RS485保留了原有RS232的简单协议，按数据帧进行传输，为异步通信：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129092403779.png"></p>
<p>此数据帧在总线网络中传输未免过于简单，所以通常结合Modbus总线协议配合使用。</p>
<p>Modbus总线协议定义了一个控制器能认识使用的消息结构，而不管它们是经过何种网络进行通信的，它描述了一控制器请求访问其它设备的过程，如果回应来自其它设备的请求，以及怎样侦测错误并记录。它制定了消息域格局和内容的公共格式。</p>
<p>关于Modbus本文不过多展开介绍，后面的章节中会进行实验。 </p>
<h1 id="1-准备工作"><a href="#1-准备工作" class="headerlink" title="1. 准备工作"></a>1. 准备工作</h1><h2 id="硬件准备"><a href="#硬件准备" class="headerlink" title="硬件准备"></a>硬件准备</h2><ul>
<li>开发板</li>
</ul>
<p>首先需要准备一个开发板，这里我准备的是STM32F407ZGT6的开发板，称之为 1# 实验板。</p>
<ul>
<li>RS485收发器</li>
</ul>
<p>开发板板载一块RS485收发器SP3485，留出的RS485通信接口如图中红框标注：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129094116198.png#pic_center"></p>
<h2 id="软件准备"><a href="#软件准备" class="headerlink" title="软件准备"></a>软件准备</h2><p>需要准备一份 SP3485 的数据手册。</p>
<h2 id="实验说明"><a href="#实验说明" class="headerlink" title="实验说明"></a>实验说明</h2><p>本实验中还需要另外准备一块具备RS485收发功能的开发板，这里我使用另一块探索者开发板，称之为 2# 实验板：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129094116198.png#pic_center"></p>
<p>两个开发板之间的连接方式如下：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129094821999.png"></p>
<h1 id="2-使用STM32CubeMX生成工程"><a href="#2-使用STM32CubeMX生成工程" class="headerlink" title="2. 使用STM32CubeMX生成工程"></a>2. 使用STM32CubeMX生成工程</h1><h2 id="选择芯片型号"><a href="#选择芯片型号" class="headerlink" title="选择芯片型号"></a>选择芯片型号</h2><p>打开STM32CubeMX，打开MCU选择器：</p>
<p><img src="https://imgconvert.csdnimg.cn/aHR0cDovL21jdWxvdmVyNjY2LmNuL2ltYWdlLzIwMTkwODA2L2dCUDZnbG1VU0g4MC5wbmc?x-oss-process=image/format,png"></p>
<p>搜索并选中芯片<code>STM32F407ZGT6</code>：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200902100922112.png#pic_center"></p>
<h2 id="配置时钟源"><a href="#配置时钟源" class="headerlink" title="配置时钟源"></a>配置时钟源</h2><ul>
<li>如果选择使用外部高速时钟（HSE），则需要在System Core中配置RCC；</li>
<li>如果使用默认内部时钟（HSI），这一步可以略过；</li>
</ul>
<p>这里我都使用外部时钟：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200902101014202.png#pic_center"></p>
<h2 id="调试选项配置"><a href="#调试选项配置" class="headerlink" title="调试选项配置"></a><font color="red">调试选项配置</font></h2><p>默认没有配置下载引脚，烧录之后下载器将无法再检测到，这里我使用ST-Link，所以配置为SW选项：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200902101308732.png#pic_center"></p>
<h2 id="配置串口"><a href="#配置串口" class="headerlink" title="配置串口"></a>配置串口</h2><p>开发板板载了一个CH340换串口，连接到USART1，但是引脚不是默认引脚，需要手动修改。</p>
<p>接下来开始配置<code>USART1</code>：<img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200902101420886.png#pic_center"></p>
<h2 id="配置RS485相关"><a href="#配置RS485相关" class="headerlink" title="配置RS485相关"></a>配置RS485相关</h2><h3 id="查看开发板原理图"><a href="#查看开发板原理图" class="headerlink" title="查看开发板原理图"></a>查看开发板原理图</h3><p>开发板原理图中RS485收发器及其电路如图：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129095105769.png"></p>
<p>其中RS485收发器与STM32之间的引脚连接情况如下表：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center">网络标号</th>
<th align="center">对应引脚</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="center">RS485_TX</td>
<td align="center">PA3（USART2_RX）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">RS485_RX</td>
<td align="center">PA2（USART2_TX）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">RS485_RE</td>
<td align="center">PG8（普通输出GPIO即可）</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 id="配置RS485通信串口"><a href="#配置RS485通信串口" class="headerlink" title="配置RS485通信串口"></a>配置RS485通信串口</h3><p>通过查看原理图，作为RS485的通信串口为USART2，配置即可：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129100029850.png"></p>
<h3 id="使能RS485通信串口接收中断"><a href="#使能RS485通信串口接收中断" class="headerlink" title="使能RS485通信串口接收中断"></a>使能RS485通信串口接收中断</h3><p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129100345461.png"></p>
<h3 id="配置RS485收发器控制引脚"><a href="#配置RS485收发器控制引脚" class="headerlink" title="配置RS485收发器控制引脚"></a>配置RS485收发器控制引脚</h3><p>RS485总线是半双工的，需要手动使用GPIO控制RS485收发器处于接收还是发送，根据原理图可知控制引脚是PG8，配置为普通输出GPIO即可：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129100256428.png"></p>
<h2 id="配置时钟树"><a href="#配置时钟树" class="headerlink" title="配置时钟树"></a>配置时钟树</h2><p>STM32F407ZGT6的最高主频到168M，使<code>HCLK = 168Mhz</code>即可：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200902112508876.png#pic_center"></p>
<h2 id="生成工程设置"><a href="#生成工程设置" class="headerlink" title="生成工程设置"></a>生成工程设置</h2><p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129100431274.png"></p>
<h2 id="代码生成设置"><a href="#代码生成设置" class="headerlink" title="代码生成设置"></a>代码生成设置</h2><p>最后设置生成独立的初始化文件：<br><img src="https://imgconvert.csdnimg.cn/aHR0cDovL21jdWxvdmVyNjY2LmNuL2ltYWdlLzIwMTkwODA2L1Q2V3ZTSzZEZnB0cy5wbmc?x-oss-process=image/format,png"></p>
<h2 id="生成代码"><a href="#生成代码" class="headerlink" title="生成代码"></a>生成代码</h2><p>点击<code>GENERATE CODE</code>即可生成MDK-V5工程：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200902104733463.png#pic_center"></p>
<h1 id="3-编写RS485驱动程序"><a href="#3-编写RS485驱动程序" class="headerlink" title="3. 编写RS485驱动程序"></a>3. 编写RS485驱动程序</h1><blockquote>
<p>编写之前请确保已经掌握使用串口发送数据和使用中断接收数据，参考教程：<a href="http://www.mculover666.cn/posts/1803605667/">STM32CubeMX_07 | 使用USART发送和接收数据（中断模式）</a>。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="创建并添加驱动文件"><a href="#创建并添加驱动文件" class="headerlink" title="创建并添加驱动文件"></a>创建并添加驱动文件</h2><p>首先在工程目录下，新建文件夹和两个文件，存放编写的RS485驱动程序：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129101704273.png#pic_center"></p>
<p>然后将<code>rs485_drv.c</code>添加到工程目录中：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129101759374.png#pic_center"></p>
<p>再将<code>rs485_drv.h</code>所在路径添加到头文件路径中：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129101857187.png#pic_center"></p>
<h2 id="编写头文件"><a href="#编写头文件" class="headerlink" title="编写头文件"></a>编写头文件</h2><pre><code class="c">#ifndef _RS485_DRV_H_
#define _RS485_DRV_H_

#include &quot;usart.h&quot;

/* User Config */
#define RS485_USART         huart2
#define RS485_RE_GPIO_PORT  GPIOG
#define RS485_RE_GPIO_PIN   GPIO_PIN_8

/* RS485 TX/RX Control */
#define RS485_TX_ENABLE()   HAL_Delay(1);\
                            HAL_GPIO_WritePin(RS485_RE_GPIO_PORT, RS485_RE_GPIO_PIN, GPIO_PIN_SET);\
                            HAL_Delay(1);

#define RS485_RX_ENABLE()   HAL_Delay(1);\
                            HAL_GPIO_WritePin(RS485_RE_GPIO_PORT, RS485_RE_GPIO_PIN, GPIO_PIN_RESET);\
                            HAL_Delay(1);

void RS485_Init(void);
int RS485_Transmit(uint8_t *data, uint16_t len);

#endif /* _RS485_DRV_H_ */
</code></pre>
<p>其中最重要的是<code>RS485_TX_ENABLE</code>和<code>RS485_RX_ENABLE</code>这两个宏定义，用来控制RS485收发器的工作模式。</p>
<h2 id="编写初始化函数"><a href="#编写初始化函数" class="headerlink" title="编写初始化函数"></a>编写初始化函数</h2><p>因为STM32CubeMX自动生成的代码中已经完成了串口初始化和控制GPIO初始化，所以在RS485的初始化函数中，只需要使能串口中断 ，控制RS485收发器处于接收模式即可：</p>
<pre><code class="c">/**
* @breif   初始化RS485收发器为接收模式
* @param   无
* @retval  无
* @note    在调用此函数之前，确保已经初始化通信串口和控制GPIO
*/
void RS485_Init()
&#123;
    /* 使能串口接收中断 */
    HAL_UART_Receive_IT(&amp;RS485_USART, rx_data, 4);
    
    RS485_RX_ENABLE();
&#125;
</code></pre>
<h2 id="编写发送函数"><a href="#编写发送函数" class="headerlink" title="编写发送函数"></a>编写发送函数</h2><p>RS485发送函数与普通串口发送基本一样，只不过在发送之前需要先控制RS485收发器处于发送模式，在发送之后控制RS485收发器处于接收模式即可。</p>
<pre><code class="c">/**
* @breif   控制RS485收发器发送数据
* @param   data 要发送的数据
* @param   len  要发送数据的长度
* @retval  0 - 发送成功，-1 = 发送失败
*/
int RS485_Transmit(uint8_t *data, uint16_t len)
&#123;
    HAL_StatusTypeDef status;
    
    RS485_TX_ENABLE();
    
    status = HAL_UART_Transmit(&amp;RS485_USART, data, len, 0xFFFF);
    
    HAL_Delay(1);
    
    RS485_RX_ENABLE();
    
    return status == HAL_OK ? 0 : -1;
&#125;
</code></pre>
<h2 id="编写串口接收中断处理函数"><a href="#编写串口接收中断处理函数" class="headerlink" title="编写串口接收中断处理函数"></a>编写串口接收中断处理函数</h2><p>RS485的串口接收中断处理和普通的串口接收一样，直接编写回调函数即可：</p>
<pre><code class="c">/**
 * @brief   串口中断回调函数
 * @note    此函数属于弱定义函数的重新实现，HAL库会自动调用
*/
void HAL_UART_RxCpltCallback(UART_HandleTypeDef *huart)
&#123;
    /* 判断是哪个串口触发的中断 */
    if(huart -&gt;Instance == USART2)
    &#123;
        //将接收到的数据打印
        printf(&quot;RX Data[0]:0x%02x\r\n&quot;, rx_data[0]);
        printf(&quot;RX Data[1]:0x%02x\r\n&quot;, rx_data[1]);
        printf(&quot;RX Data[2]:0x%02x\r\n&quot;, rx_data[2]);
        printf(&quot;RX Data[3]:0x%02x\r\n&quot;, rx_data[3]);
        
        //重新使能串口接收中断
        HAL_UART_Receive_IT(&amp;RS485_USART, rx_data, 4);
    &#125;
&#125;
</code></pre>
<p>此处为了演示我将接收到的数据打印，实际使用中建议此处使用环形缓冲区存储接收数据，具体参考文章：<a href="http://www.mculover666.cn/posts/30779210/">ringbuff | 通用FIFO环形缓冲区实现库</a>。</p>
<h1 id="4-编写RS485测试函数"><a href="#4-编写RS485测试函数" class="headerlink" title="4. 编写RS485测试函数"></a>4. 编写RS485测试函数</h1><p>① 在main.c中包含刚刚编写的驱动头文件：</p>
<pre><code class="c">/* Private includes ----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN Includes */
#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
#include &quot;rs485_drv.h&quot;
/* USER CODE END Includes */
</code></pre>
<p>② 然后在main函数中调用初始化函数：</p>
<pre><code class="c">/* USER CODE BEGIN 2 */
printf(&quot;----- RS485 1# Board -----\r\n&quot;);

RS485_Init();

/* USER CODE END 2 */
</code></pre>
<p>③ 在main函数最开始前定义发送测试数据：</p>
<pre><code class="c">/* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */
uint8_t data[4] = &#123;0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04&#125;;

/* USER CODE END 1 */
</code></pre>
<p>然后在while(1)循环中每隔5s发送一次：</p>
<pre><code class="c">/* Infinite loop */
/* USER CODE BEGIN WHILE */
while (1)
&#123;
    /* USER CODE END WHILE */
    
    /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */
    RS485_Transmit(data, 4);
    
    HAL_Delay(5000);
&#125;
/* USER CODE END 3 */
</code></pre>
<h1 id="5-编写2-实验板的测试程序"><a href="#5-编写2-实验板的测试程序" class="headerlink" title="5. 编写2#实验板的测试程序"></a>5. 编写2#实验板的测试程序</h1><p>2#实验板的配置方法、程序编写和前面的一样，不再讲述。</p>
<p>① 修改2#实验板发送的测试数据：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129212223801.png#pic_center"></p>
<p>② 修改2#实验板的打印日志：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129212249748.png#pic_center"></p>
<p>编译、下载到2#开发板中。</p>
<h1 id="6-实验结果"><a href="#6-实验结果" class="headerlink" title="6. 实验结果"></a>6. 实验结果</h1><p>1#实验板的日志如下：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129213704874.png#pic_center"></p>
<p>2#实验板的日志如下：</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201129213714745.png#pic_center"></p>
<p><strong><font color="red">更多精彩文章及资源，请关注我的微信公众号：『mculover666』。</font></strong></p>
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